Sources

Every external link cited in the research documents, grouped by document. The tests themselves are at the top.

The tests and tools

• EGRA Toolkit, 2nd edition (RTI / USAID) https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00M4TN.pdf
• EGMA Toolkit (RTI / USAID, 2014) https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00KNG5.pdf
• ASER Pakistan (ITA) https://aserpakistan.org/
• ICAN, International Common Assessment of Numeracy (PAL Network) https://palnetwork.org/ican/
• PAL-ELANA literacy and numeracy assessment https://palnetwork.org/elana/
• DIBELS 8th edition (University of Oregon) https://dibels.uoregon.edu/
• Acadience Reading https://acadiencelearning.org/
• MELQO / MODEL (UNESCO, World Bank) https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000248053
• Targeted Instruction Program (LEAPS / CERP) https://www.leapsprogram.org/
• Tangerine (RTI tablet EGRA) https://www.tangerinecentral.org/
• Google Read Along https://readalong.google/
• Amira Learning https://www.amiralearning.com/
• Microsoft Azure Pronunciation Assessment https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/ai-services/speech-service/how-to-pronunciation-assessment
• SpeechAce API https://www.speechace.com/api-plans/
• Soniox speech-to-text https://soniox.com/
• OpenAI Whisper transcription https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text
• Meta Omnilingual ASR https://github.com/facebookresearch/omnilingual-asr
• ZIPA phone recogniser (ACL 2025) https://github.com/lingjzhu/zipa
• Montreal Forced Aligner https://montreal-forced-aligner.readthedocs.io/

Investigation index

• https://claude.ai/artifact/PBN7cNc2hdJWtEecaawG6C
• https://hyasin270.github.io/egra-five-minutes/
• https://hyasin270.github.io/egra-five-minutes/staging-review/

EGRA and EGMA structure

• http://aserpakistan.org/document/learning_resources/2015/Dubeck_Gove_IJED_2015_EGRA_article.pdf
• http://aserpakistan.org/tools
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.16537
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.03444
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.17606
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.19426
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.14493
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.17371
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.19671
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.23319
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.31508
• https://blog.google/intl/en-in/products/google-companies/reinforcing-our-commitment-to/
• https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/pakistan-reading-project-gilgit-baltistan-2013-2017
• https://docs.edtechhub.org/lib/HYK9N7TW
• https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED607983
• https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1461166
• https://explore.amiralearning.com/hubfs/Amira-Speech-Recognition-Contributes-to-Reading-Development-for-Young-Learners-of-English.pdf
• https://gcgh.grandchallenges.org/grant/automating-early-grade-reading-assessments-egra-african-languages-using-voice-recognition-ai
• https://github.com/Tangerine-Community/Tangerine
• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8966738/
• https://ierc-publicfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/public/resources/10745_EGRA_Subtasks_brief_02-15-17_r5.pdf
• https://ierc-publicfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/public/resources/Asia%20ACR%20Benchmarking%20Report_FINAL%20REVISED_21%20Dec%2017.pdf
• https://ierc-publicfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/public/resources/EGMA%20Toolkit_March2014.pdf
• https://ierc-publicfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/public/resources/EGRA%20Toolkit%20V2%202016.pdf
• https://ierc-publicfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/public/resources/FdngsRpt_TZNtnlEGRA_08-Nov2016_FNL.pdf
• https://ilkogretim-online.org/index.php/pub/article/download/6293/6095/12076
• https://img.asercentre.org/docs/Aser%20survey/Tools%20validating_the_aser_testing_tools__oct_2012__2.pdf
• https://itacec.org/document/2019/december/Guide_and_Training_Manual_PSL.pdf
• https://learningatscale.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Learning-at-Scale-Findings-Brief-Pakistan-Reading-Program-for-distribution.pdf
• https://metametricsinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/SoapBox-MetaMetrics-Webinar-QA.pdf
• https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00Z7MQ.pdf
• https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00Z7MW.pdf
• https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZJJG.pdf
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12686063/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4303915/
• https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/ur
• https://readalong.google/impact/
• https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/testing-readers-early-grades-pakistan
• https://rsusindh.gov.pk/contents/SELECT/EGRA_Baseline_Assessment_Report_Sindh.pdf
• https://shared.rti.org/content/development-and-pilot-testing-additional-subtasks-early-grade-reading-assessment-egra-20
• https://shared.rti.org/content/report-self-administered-egraegma-pilot-ghana-english
• https://sts-international.org/portfolio/sindh-reading-program/
• https://www.creativeassociatesinternational.com/story/pakistan-reading-project-wins-2020-international-prize-for-literacy-program-of-the-year/
• https://www.curiouslearning.org/resources
• https://www.dawn.com/news/1924375
• https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1572807/full
• https://www.imagineworldwide.org/wp-content/uploads/Tanzania_Kiswahili_SA-EGRMA_Final-Pilot-Report_2025.pdf
• https://www.isca-archive.org/interspeech_2020/kelly20b_interspeech.html
• https://www.rti.org/impact/tangerine-mobile-learning-assessments-made-easy
• https://www.tangerinecentral.org/about
• https://www.tangerinecentral.org/impact/egra-egma-ghana-2022-analysis

Model landscape

• https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.397/
• https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/audio
• https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/models/gemini-3.5-transcribe
• https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/pricing
• https://aimultiple.com/handwriting-recognition
• https://amiralearning.com/blog/isip-orf-saves-time-and-informs-instruction-with-voice-recognition-tech
• https://amiralearning.com/research
• https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2020/06/on-device-ML-design-insights.html
• https://api-docs.speechace.com/llms.txt
• https://api-docs.speechace.com/solutions/voice-ai-for-early-literacy
• https://api-external-doc.elsanow.co/
• https://api-external-doc.elsanow.co/General-api-info
• https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04381
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.03444
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.17606
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.07060
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.17371
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.19671
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03043
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14451
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16838
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.14187
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.01348
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.29042
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.16504
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.11477
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31508
• https://arxiv.org/html/2309.07927
• https://arxiv.org/html/2409.11252v3
• https://arxiv.org/html/2505.13943v3
• https://arxiv.org/html/2505.18463
• https://arxiv.org/html/2505.23170
• https://arxiv.org/html/2509.02915
• https://arxiv.org/html/2509.03256v1
• https://arxiv.org/html/2509.17765
• https://arxiv.org/html/2601.14744
• https://arxiv.org/html/2604.15804v1
• https://arxiv.org/html/2605.17846
• https://arxiv.org/html/2605.29257
• https://arxiv.org/html/2606.15325
• https://arxiv.org/html/2606.18466v1
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.00409
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.09344
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.04190
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.04306v2
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.14493
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.23319
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.05213
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.16889
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.25150
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.29087
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.06191
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.22133
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.26712
• https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/speech/
• https://catalog.elra.info/en-us/repository/browse/ELRA-S0403/
• https://deepgram.com/learn/speech-to-text-for-hebrew-persian-urdu-on-nova-3
• https://deepgram.com/pricing
• https://developers.deepgram.com/docs/models-languages-overview
• https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/speech-to-text
• https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/pricing
• https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1998384.1998390
• https://docs.aws.amazon.com/transcribe/latest/dg/supported-languages.html
• https://docs.cloud.google.com/speech-to-text/docs/languages
• https://docs.languageconfidence.ai/
• https://docs.languageconfidence.ai/docs/guides/speech-assessment-api/phonetic-system
• https://docs.mistral.ai/capabilities/audio_transcription
• https://docs.pytorch.org/audio/stable/tutorials/forced_alignment_for_multilingual_data_tutorial.html
• https://docs.speechmatics.com/speech-to-text/languages
• https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031624
• https://drupal-cdn.grandchallenges.org/grant/automating-early-grade-reading-assessments-egra-african-languages-using-voice-recognition-ai
• https://elevenlabs.io/blog/introducing-scribe-v2
• https://elevenlabs.io/pricing/api
• https://elevenlabs.io/speech-to-text/urdu
• https://elsaspeak.com/en/elsa-api/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_Along
• https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED607983
• https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1054417
• https://framia.converge.ai/page/en-US/news/gpt-5-5-multimodal-capabilities
• https://github.com/AI4Bharat/IndicMFA
• https://github.com/ChaiAndZain/urdu-lexicon-generator
• https://github.com/MicrosoftDocs/azure-ai-docs/blob/main/articles/ai-services/speech-service/includes/language-support/pronunciation-assessment.md
• https://github.com/MicrosoftDocs/azure-ai-docs/blob/main/articles/ai-services/speech-service/includes/language-support/stt.md
• https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen3-ASR
• https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen3-ASR/issues/87
• https://github.com/ZoraizQ/urdu-speech-recognition
• https://github.com/changelinglab/PhoneticXeus
• https://github.com/espeak-ng/espeak-ng/blob/master/docs/languages.md
• https://github.com/espeak-ng/espeak-ng/blob/master/phsource/phonemes
• https://github.com/kaldi-asr/kaldi/blob/master/egs/gop_speechocean762/README.md
• https://github.com/lingjzhu/zipa
• https://github.com/m-bain/whisperX
• https://github.com/openai/whisper/blob/main/whisper/tokenizer.py
• https://github.com/speechsuper/SpeechSuper-API-Samples
• https://global.xfyun.cn/doc/voiceservice/ise/API.html
• https://global.xfyun.cn/products/ise
• https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/wav2vec2_phoneme
• https://huggingface.co/facebook/mms-1b-all
• https://huggingface.co/facebook/wav2vec2-xlsr-53-espeak-cv-ft
• https://huggingface.co/kgnlp/allophant
• https://huggingface.co/kingabzpro/whisper-large-v3-turbo-urdu
• https://huggingface.co/kingabzpro/whisper-large-v3-urdu
• https://huggingface.co/nvidia/canary-1b-v2
• https://huggingface.co/nvidia/parakeet-tdt-0.6b-v3
• https://kics.edu.pk/labs/projects/cle
• https://kyutai.org/stt/
• https://languageconfidence.ai/pricing/api-pricing
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/5608069/pricing-and-usage-of-pronunciation-assessment-feat
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/speech-service/how-to-pronunciation-assessment
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/speech-service/language-support?tabs=pronunciation-assessment
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/speech-service/pronunciation-assessment-tool
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/speech-service/releasenotes
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/speech-service/voice-live-language-support
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/foundry/responsible-ai/speech-service/pronunciation-assessment/characteristics-and-limitations-pronunciation-assessment
• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40593-025-00480-y
• https://magichub.com/datasets/urdu-scripted-speech-corpus/
• https://medium.com/@speechsuper1024/enhanced-indian-english-pronunciation-assessment-available-on-speechsuper-api-66294da92686
• https://parsejet.com/guides/can-claude-transcribe-audio/
• https://pypi.org/project/phonemizer/
• https://soniox.com/compare/soniox-vs-google/urdu
• https://soniox.com/docs/stt/models
• https://soniox.com/pricing
• https://soniox.com/speech-to-text/urdu
• https://venturebeat.com/mobile/google-releases-bolo-a-speech-recognition-app-that-helps-indian-kids-learn-to-read/
• https://www.academia.edu/122394524/Handwritten_Urdu_Characters_and_Digits_Recognition_Using_Transfer_Learning_and_Augmentation_With_AlexNet
• https://www.assemblyai.com/changelog
• https://www.assemblyai.com/docs/pre-recorded-audio/supported-languages
• https://www.assemblyai.com/languages/urdu
• https://www.assemblyai.com/pricing
• https://www.cle.org.pk/
• https://www.codesota.com/ocr/best-for-handwriting
• https://www.getpronounce.com/pronounce-pricing
• https://www.isca-archive.org/interspeech_2024/graave24_interspeech.pdf
• https://www.isca-archive.org/slate_2023/anguera23_slate.pdf
• https://www.isca-archive.org/slate_2025/parikh25_slate.pdf
• https://www.languageconfidence.ai/
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/399765020_AI-Powered_Pronunciation_Mistake_Detection_Using_Gemini_15_Flash_A_Training-Free_Approach
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1560429226001095
• https://www.speechace.com/api-plans/
• https://www.speechace.com/using-the-speechace-api-as-voice-ai-for-kids/
• https://www.speechmatics.com/
• https://www.speechmatics.com/company/articles-and-news/ursa-2-elevating-speech-recognition-across-52-languages
• https://www.speechmatics.com/pricing
• https://www.speechsuper.com/pricing.html
• https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/technology/google-adds-arabic-to-read-along-app-to-improve-children-s-reading-1.1074690

What a recording can yield

• https://acadiencelearning.org/help-center/oral-reading-fluency-orf-and-retell/
• https://aclanthology.org/2025.chipsal-1.20/
• https://amiralearning.com/amira-isip-assess
• https://amiralearning.com/blog/5-ways-to-utilize-assessment-data-in-the-classroom
• https://amiralearning.com/instruct
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.02899
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.00635
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.03444
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.21033
• https://arxiv.org/html/2507.13205
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.03767
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.08529
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.19426
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.07060
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.14494
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.04710
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.09865
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.23319
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.00095
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.16889
• https://blog.google/intl/en-in/products/google-companies/reinforcing-our-commitment-to/
• https://charts.intensiveintervention.org/progressmonitoring/tool/?id=b2bb72b4d4b4597c
• https://charts.intensiveintervention.org/screening/tool/?id=444748c77834b793
• https://chattopdf.app/blog/whatsapp-audio-format
• https://dibels.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/DIBELS8-TechnicalManual_04152020.pdf
• https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd2023/736/
• https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1998384.1998390
• https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/772611468057237703/pdf/724570WP0Liber0012020120Box371917B.pdf
• https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164411412590
• https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644221148122
• https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584211071112
• https://educationaldatamining.org/edm2023/proceedings/2023.EDM-short-papers.36/
• https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1088004
• https://explore.amiralearning.com/hubfs/Customer_Resources/AmiraTheoreticalFramework.pdf
• https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED572413.pdf
• https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED594994.pdf
• https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/pull/144507
• https://gssrjournal.com/fulltext/urdu-punjabi-pothwari-striking-similarities-uniqueness-of-the-three-indoaryan-languages
• https://ierc-publicfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/public/resources/Asia%20ACR%20Benchmarking%20Report_FINAL%20REVISED_21%20Dec%2017.pdf
• https://ierc-publicfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/public/resources/EGMA%20Toolkit_March2014.pdf
• https://ierc-publicfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/public/resources/EGRA%20Toolkit%20V2%202016.pdf
• https://ila.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1598/RRQ.43.4.2
• https://jnese.github.io/core-blog/publications.html
• https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9280.00076
• https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02655322251348956
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/educator-center/product-guides/reading-progress/
• https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-2803-3_9
• https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/studies/orf/2021025_orf_study.pdf
• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pits.20563
• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jedm.12435
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732908/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13289664/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3472650/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3852696/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4274619/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4661265/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7425326/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7704498/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7806198/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7847199/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9150736/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257278/
• https://preply.com/en/blog/urdu-numbers-how-to-count/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21377665/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23375171/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23583543/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26491834/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26866285/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31034426/
• https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/2019_LSHSS-18-0148
• https://rsusindh.gov.pk/contents/SELECT/EGRA_Baseline_Assessment_Report_Sindh.pdf
• https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022440514000491
• https://the-learning-agency.com/the-cutting-ed/article/how-speech-recognition-systems-struggle-with-childrens-voices/
• https://www.creativeassociatesinternational.com/story/pakistan-reading-project-wins-2020-international-prize-for-literacy-program-of-the-year/
• https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2024.1440760/full
• https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1671946/pdf
• https://www.isca-archive.org/interspeech_2020/kelly20b_interspeech.html
• https://www.isca-archive.org/interspeech_2025/gao25c_interspeech.pdf
• https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/GAREC/GAREC.html
• https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/education/blog/2022/03/reach-every-learner-with-reading-programs-from-microsoft-education/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12736956/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12739032/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990049/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6413677/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615580/
• https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1915768117
• https://www.psychologie-aktuell.com/fileadmin/Redaktion/Journale/ptam_2023-1/PTAM__1-2023_2_kor.pdf
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232440479
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232440479_Curriculum-based_measurement_of_oral_reading_fluency_The_standard_error_of_measurement
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256365398_An_Examination_of_Assessment_Fidelity_in_the_Administration_and_Interpretation_of_Reading_Tests
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259311955_Form_Effects_on_DIBELS_Next_Oral_Reading_Fluency_Progress-_Monitoring_Passages
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373248680_Adaptation_of_Whisper_models_to_child_speech_recognition
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002209651300043X
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167639312000933
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S073231232200075X
• https://www.soapboxlabs.com/technology/
• https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02702711.2018.1555361
• https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02702711.2019.1629518
• https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02702711.2021.1880177
• https://www.tangerinecentral.org/impact/egra-egma-ghana-2022-analysis

Assessment batteries walkthrough

• https://amiralearning.com/amira-isip-assess
• https://aserpakistan.org/International-Common-Assessment-of-Numeracy-ICAN
• https://aserpakistan.org/document/2023/9/Frequently_Asked_Questions_ASER.pdf
• https://dibels.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/2024-01/dibels8_admin_scoring_guide.pdf
• https://dibels.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/2024-01/dibels8_benchmark_goals.pdf
• https://itacec.org/document/2019/december/Guide_and_Training_Manual_PSL.pdf
• https://neqmap.bangkok.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020_PAL-Network_ICAN-Report_EN-1-compressed.pdf
• https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/osde/documents/services/literacy-policy-and-programs/strong-readers-for-schools/24-25%20Amira%20Screening%20Technical%20Guidance%20Amira.pdf
• https://palnetwork.org/elana/
• https://palnetwork.org/pal-elana-advancing-early-learning-assessment-across-12-countries/
• https://palnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ICAN-2022-SSA-Report.pdf
• https://pie.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/NAT%202023%20Findings%20Report%2006.03.2024%20-Final-%20v6%20.pdf
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7888256/
• https://tahir-andrabi.sites.pomona.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Free-to-choose.pdf
• https://www.acer.org/files/AssessGEMs_Uwezo.pdf
• https://www.cerp.org.pk/targeted-instruction-program/
• https://www.roomtoread.org/media/z2gaoxvy/za-sepedi-2017-endline-evaluation-technical-report.pdf

Model deep dive

• https://aclanthology.org/2025.chipsal-1.20/
• https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.397/
• https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/audio
• https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/live-api/capabilities
• https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/models/gemini-3.5-transcribe
• https://aimultiple.com/handwriting-recognition
• https://amiralearning.com/research
• https://api-docs.speechace.com/api-reference/score-phone-list
• https://api-docs.speechace.com/api-reference/score-text
• https://api-docs.speechace.com/getting-started/supported-languages
• https://api-external-doc.elsanow.co/General-api-info
• https://api.speechace.co/api/scoring/text/v9/json?dialect=en-us
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.01378
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18425
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23627
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16838
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.26568
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02548
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.10675
• https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.29999
• https://arxiv.org/html/2203.16825v1
• https://arxiv.org/html/2505.13943v3
• https://arxiv.org/html/2505.23170
• https://arxiv.org/html/2507.16632v3
• https://arxiv.org/html/2508.16576
• https://arxiv.org/html/2509.17765v1
• https://arxiv.org/html/2511.11039v1
• https://arxiv.org/html/2604.06507v1
• https://arxiv.org/html/2604.15804v1
• https://arxiv.org/html/2604.16504
• https://arxiv.org/html/2605.17846v1
• https://arxiv.org/html/2605.28833
• https://arxiv.org/html/2606.05440
• https://arxiv.org/html/2606.09335
• https://arxiv.org/html/2609.01542v2
• https://arxiv.org/html/2609.07968
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.04381
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.15386
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.16589
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.11252
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.14493
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.19671
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.02080
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.03256
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.22133
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.17846
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.11477
• https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/speech/
• https://brasstranscripts.com/blog/azure-speech-services-pricing-2025-microsoft-ecosystem-costs
• https://callej.org/index.php/journal/article/view/511
• https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/research/article/view/15828
• https://deepgram.com/learn/speech-to-text-for-hebrew-persian-urdu-on-nova-3
• https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/gemini-3-5-audio/
• https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/speech-to-text
• https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/models/gpt-realtime-2
• https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/models/gpt-realtime-whisper
• https://discuss.ai.google.dev/t/bug-gemini-3-flash-and-3-1-pro-progressive-timestamp-drift-in-audio-transcription/129501
• https://docs.languageconfidence.ai/
• https://docs.pytorch.org/audio/stable/generated/torchaudio.pipelines.MMS_FA.html
• https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031624
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_Along
• https://github.com/AI4Bharat/IndicMFA
• https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo-text-processing
• https://github.com/Open-Speech-EkStep/indic-punct
• https://github.com/YuanGongND/gopt
• https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-python/issues/1198
• https://github.com/changelinglab/PhoneticXeus
• https://github.com/facebookresearch/omnilingual-asr
• https://github.com/jialuli3/child_asr_age_adapter
• https://github.com/lingjzhu/charsiu
• https://github.com/lingjzhu/zipa
• https://github.com/linto-ai/whisper-timestamped
• https://github.com/nyrahealth/CrisperWhisper
• https://github.com/raj-sutariya/indic-num2words
• https://github.com/xinjli/allosaurus
• https://handyai.substack.com/p/model-drop-gpt-realtime-2
• https://huggingface.co/AI-for-Education/sw-tz-child-egra-fastconformer-ctc-110m
• https://huggingface.co/aadel4/kid-whisper-small-myst
• https://huggingface.co/ai4bharat/indic-conformer-600m-multilingual
• https://huggingface.co/api/models?search=child&pipeline_tag=automatic-speech-recognition&sort=downloads&limit=40
• https://huggingface.co/api/models?search=urdu&pipeline_tag=automatic-speech-recognition&sort=downloads&limit=40
• https://huggingface.co/awaaz-se-alfaaz/whisper-turbo-v3-urdu
• https://huggingface.co/balaji1312/whisper-medium-myst-aura
• https://huggingface.co/bookbot/wav2vec2-adult-child-cls
• https://huggingface.co/datasets/ai4bharat/IndicVoices
• https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/model_doc/wav2vec2_phoneme
• https://huggingface.co/emads/whisper-large-v3-urdu-v2
• https://huggingface.co/facebook/omniASR-CTC-7B
• https://huggingface.co/fixie-ai/ultravox-v0_7-glm-4_6
• https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02655322251348956
• https://languageconfidence.ai/pricing/api-pricing
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/5608069/pricing-and-usage-of-pronunciation-assessment-feat
• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40593-025-00480-y
• https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-92041-7_18
• https://medium.com/@balaragavesh/fine-tuning-whisper-to-predict-phonemes-from-audio-using-hugging-face-transformers-babbb46a9f05
• https://modal.com/pricing
• https://news.slashdot.org/story/19/03/06/1812242/google-releases-speech-recognition-app-bolo-to-help-kids-learn-to-read-in-india-intends-to-bring-it-to-other-countries-in-future
• https://parsejet.com/guides/can-claude-transcribe-audio/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12151234/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12329218/
• https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/7dfcaf4512bbf2a807a783b90afb6c09-Paper-Datasets_and_Benchmarks_Track.pdf
• https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/2024_JSLHR-24-00070
• https://pypi.org/project/num2fawords/1.2.dev1
• https://pypi.org/project/word2number/
• https://raw.githubusercontent.com/common-voice/cv-dataset/main/datasets/scripted-speech/cv-corpus-26.0-2026-06-12.json
• https://raw.githubusercontent.com/facebookresearch/omnilingual-asr/main/src/omnilingual_asr/models/wav2vec2_llama/lang_ids.py
• https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/education/teams/view-reading-progress-data-in-insights
• https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/azure-ai-foundry-blog/speech-pronunciation-assessment-is-generally-available/3740894
• https://thejournal.com/articles/2023/12/05/curriculum-associates-acquires-soapbox-labs-gains-ai-speech-recognition-tech.aspx
• https://www.beam.cloud/blog/modal-pricing-explained
• https://www.codesota.com/ocr/best-for-handwriting
• https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2024.1440760/full
• https://www.gend.co/blog/voxtral-transcribe-2
• https://www.imagineworldwide.org/wp-content/uploads/Tanzania_Kiswahili_SA-EGRMA_Final-Pilot-Report_2025.pdf
• https://www.isca-archive.org/interspeech_2025/harmsen25_interspeech.html
• https://www.isca-archive.org/interspeech_2025/horii25_interspeech.html
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221481367_Automatic_speech_recognition_for_children
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167639325000858
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885230826000069
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340925006109
• https://www.speechace.com/